solar system second sun
The Second Sun

A study shows that there was a second sun (star) in the solar system used to orbit in the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter, around 200 million years ago.

Published: January 15, 2014
Last Updated: September 10, 2019

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THE SECOND SUN
Concise Summary

Last Updated: June 16, 2025

The second sun was bigger than the existing sun. Bigger stars burn out faster.

The second sun and the existing sun used to orbit in the solar system around a common center of mass, like all other binary star systems elsewhere in space.

It ended its life cycle as an active star about 200 million years ago (mya). When that happened, it started producing metals and chemicals, including the compound hydrogen and oxygen (H2O) in the form of water vapor. The water vapor got frozen in space as ice asteroids and then fallen on Earth creating oceans. All the earth's metals have come from the second sun, plus the basalt rocks that make up the the seafloor, and are in the building structure of fold mountains. All the planets in the solar system were expanded as a result of the added material.

 

The solar system is no exception: "Our planet was born as a ball of rock orbiting a single star. Or was it? New research from UC Berkeley and Harvard University suggests that almost all stars are born in pairs, including our own." (popularmechanics.com)

 

It started orbiting the existing sun after losing the most of its mass
second sun asteroid belt

 

The asteroid belt is a sign of a second sun
second sun asteroid belt companion star
Space observations have shown that the source of debris disks is a companion dying star. So if there were no companion star (second sun) in the solar system, the asteroid belt wouldn't have existed.

It is true that the asteroid belt doesn't look exactly the same as the new disks that are currently forming, the reason is that it is a very old disk, lost at least 99% of the material that it initially had.

The dominant assumption is that the asteroid belt is a leftover material from the formation of the solar system, based on the idea of the Nebular theory, but is this theory correct? NASA Data says unlikely:
NASA Mission Suggests Sun and Planets Constructed Differently

Theories divide stars into two categories: a giant star that goes supernova explosion, and a small star, like the sun in our solar system, expands and then collapses on itself to become a white dwarf.

The universe is so big with mysteries that no one can imagine. The star in the picture above is not expanding or going supernova explosion, but simply releasing its matter slowly, so it doesn't fit in the two proposed categories.

No matter what makes the star in the picture to act like that, the second sun might have ended its life in a similar manner; it did not expand or explode as a supernova. Maybe the presence of the existing sun prevented the second sun from expanding or exploding, because of gravity or other unknown factors.

The fact is that the current understanding of stars' behavior and capabilities is far from complete.

 

Why is Mars smaller than Earth?
Why is Mars Smaller than Earth?
Based on the arrangement of the inner planets, we see that the closer the inner planet to the Sun, the smaller it is; and the farther the bigger. Mars is the farthest inner planet from the Sun, so it should be bigger than Earth, but it is smaller, it is about half the size of Earth!

It is the second sun that prevented Mars from having the size that is supposed to have.

The moon was originally the first planet next to the sun!

 

The Gas Planets
The Gas Planets
Unlike the inner planets, the sizes of the gas planets are in reverse order: the planet that is closer to the Sun, the bigger it is; not just bigger, but too much bigger! Jupiter has a mass of about 317 the mass of Earth. The Great Red Spot itself is so big that three Earths would fit in it easily. Saturn's mass is about 95 the mass of Earth.

Gases from the dying second sun attracted to gas planets and increased their mass and gas volume.

 

Heat Transfer
heat transfer
What happens if you boil water on fire? You see the water vapor goes to the ceiling; and if the ceiling is divided into two parts, one part is cold and the other is hot, you will see most of the water vapor goes to the cold part. The second law of thermodynamics explains this process as follows: heat flows spontaneously from a hot to a cold body.

The Gas Planets

The second sun, by the end of its life, failed to burn fuel and convert it to light; so where do you think the hot fuel will go? To the cold body! And that is exactly what happened, most of the remaining fuel, rust and dust, have gone to the cold bodies, Jupiter and Saturn, so their size and mass increased; Uranus and Neptune were not affected that much because they are very far away from the asteroid belt, the final orbit of the second sun.

 

Jupiter was the smallest gas planet, Neptune was the biggest.
Jupiter was the smallest gas planet, Neptune was the biggest.
The planet that is closer to the sun must be smaller, because of the heat and other radiations from the sun, even if it is a gas planet, unless an extra mass or volume is added abnormally to the planet at a late time to make it bigger than it should be.

 

Size and Mass of Planets
Planet Distance from Sun
relative to Earth
Diameter
relative to Earth
Mass
relative to Earth
Mercury 0.387 0.383 0.0553
Venus 0.723 0.949 0.815
Earth 1.0 1.0 1.0
Mars 1.52 0.532 0.107
Jupiter 5.20 11.21 317.8
Saturn 9.58 9.45 95.2
Uranus 19.20 4.01
14.5
?
Neptune 30.05 3.88 17.1

Uranus is bigger than Neptune in diameter (4.01 > 3.88), but smaller in mass (14.5 < 17.1). It is not following the size and mass sequence of the gas planets (bigger diameter and bigger mass). Something abnormal must have taken place in the planet's history that altered its size or mass.

The size and mass mismatch of Uranus shows that the original composition of the planet has been changed. The direction of change started from Jupiter toward the outside of the solar system, otherwise the diameter of Neptune would have been bigger. By following the direction of change we see that Uranus was originally smaller than Neptune, Saturn was smaller than Uranus, and Jupiter was the smallest gas planet, as shown in the picture above.

Heavy gases and solid materials accumulated in planets closer to the source, whereas light gases traveled farther. When the light gases reached Uranus, they were attracted by the planet. They enlarged the planet's size, but didn't affect its mass that much.

 

The moon was the first planet next to the sun
orbit of mercury

The orbit of Mercury is the most irregular orbit of the planets in the solar system. This strange orbit is attributed to the sun's gravitational pull on the planet.

While Einstein's Theory of General Relativity explained the orbit of Mercury greatly, small discrepancies have been observed between the actual orbit and calculation:

Correcting Einstein's calculation of the orbit of Mercury

The small discrepancies found in Einstein's calculation could be corrected by the moon if it is placed somewhere between Mercury and the Sun, in the position where it used to be.

The moon has all the features needed to be classified as a planet; it has a spherical shape, lowlands, highlands and a mantle. It used to have volcanoes, which means it had gases inside its mantle. Since it is the smallest "planet," then it has be the first from the sun.

The atmosphere of the moon is almost of a zero thickness, just like the atmosphere of Mercury. The solar wind is the only known factor to burn the atmosphere of planets. So the moon must have been in a position very close to the sun in order for solar wind from the sun to destroy its atmosphere.

 

Planets of the second sun: currently moons of Jupiter and Saturn
planets of the second sun: Europa, Io, Callisto, Titan, Ganymede
planets of the second sun

 

Not all moons are the same: some have the exact same features as planets, like the Earth's moon; while others are simply stones, like the moons of Mars.

The total number of planet-like moons in the solar system is six, the Earth's moon is one of them, the other five used to be planets of the second sun, four of them are orbiting Jupiter now (Europa, Io, Callisto, Ganymede), and one moon is orbiting Saturn, the moon Titan.

The moon of Jupiter Io has over 400 "active" volcanoes, it is the most volcanically active space object in the solar system.

These moons have spherical shape, mountains, lowlands, highlands and a mantle; what else do they need to be classified as planets? To orbit a star? That is the only thing they are missing now.

 

The solar system might have been in this layout when the second sun was fully functioning, in a binary star system, each sun has five planets.
The solar system binary star system

 

Why is Mars Red?
Why is Mars Red?
Because the surface of Mars is rich of iron oxide (rust). Iron oxide is a product of dying stars.

 

Dying Star Iron (Fe)
Dying Star Iron (Fe)
The last element produced by dying stars is iron (Fe), and then this iron is combined with H2O water vapor, which is also produced by the dying star. H2O makes the iron to rust. This kind of rust can be found on Earth now in many deserts around the world.

 

Percentage of rust on the surface of the inner planets
Percentage of rust on the surfaces of the inner planets

The percentage of rust on the surface of the inner planets is not well studied, so the numbers shown in the figure above are approximate.

Generally the inner planet that is closer to the asteroid belt, the more percentage of rust it has on its surface, and as we move away from Mars toward Mercury, the amount of rust decreases. This shows that the source of rust was very close to Mars; it is from the other side between Mars and Jupiter.

The Moon

The moon also has iron oxide! How is it possible for the rust to form on the moon without water?

The rust on the moon is not caused by oxygen traveling from Earth to the moon, as assumed, but it was "deposited" on the surface of the moon readymade from factory, 200 mya, which is also the case for all other planets.

 

Solar wind destroyed the atmosphere of Mars
Solar wind destroyed the atmosphere of Mars
The atmosphere of Mars is less than 1% of Earth's. The solar wind of the second sun destroyed the atmosphere of Mars, just like what the solar wind of the existing sun has done to the atmosphere of Mercury and that of the moon when the moon was the first planet next to the sun.

The common belief is that solar wind from the existing sun is the one that destroyed the atmosphere of Mars, on the the assumption that the early sun had a stronger solar wind.

A recent study has shown that the effect of the solar wind from the sun on Mar's atmosphere is negligible, even if the early sun had a stronger solar wind:

Mars' atmosphere well protected from the solar wind

So there must have been another solar wind, from another sun, very close to Mars, and very strong, burned the planet's atmosphere from top to bottom.

 

The earth had no metal at all before 200 million years, not even inside the earths' internal layers.
earth inner core, earth layers
The earth inner core, that is thought to be made of iron and nickel, isn't as old as the earth itself, but it is an added part at a very late time, and it is getting bigger. Some scientists give it an age of about 500 million years only, compared to the Earth estimated age of about 4 billion years.

At the end of life of the second sun, the generated gamma rays in the nuclear reactions of the star were not converted to light or any other form of energy, but have gone out of the star direct, hitting all nearby objects.

These powerful rays have hit the earth and the other inner planets directly. They interacted with, and ionized gases inside the earth's internal layers. The gases expanded, the earth's crust opened up in some places to release pressure.

Rocks from the second sun have fallen from the sky and entered the earths' internal layers from the open areas. The rocks melted and released their metal. The released metal concentrated in the center of the earth and started forming the inner core. The melted rocks are still releasing metal now, so the inner core of Earth is getting bigger.

dinosaur

200 million years ago the earth's gravity was very low, because the inner core was very small. If the dinosaurs weren't very large animals, their life on a low gravity Earth could have been impossible, and if it happens for the dinosaurs to come back to life again, they wouldn't be able to walk on the earth today, unless their size is decreased.

It is thought that dying stars do not produce solid materials, rocks and metal asteroids, but observations of dying stars elsewhere in space have shown rocks and metals orbiting dying stars. These solid materials are products of the dying stars themselves, and not of nearby destroyed planets, as assumed. Not all stars are the same. Some maybe destroying planets, but not all.

When the second sun entered the death stage, it became like a nuclear reactor creating chemical atoms. It created all kinds of chemical elements, including hydrogen and oxygen. These two elements combined to form H2O water vapor. This water vapor got frozen in space, and then some of it has fallen on the inner planets as ice asteroids. Most of it has gone to the gas planets. On Earth, these ice asteroids created oceans. There were no oceans on Earth before 200 million years. The idea of a single large body of water surrounding a supercontinent is theoretical without any supporting physical evidence. No part of a seafloor of the supposed large ocean could be found anywhere on Earth.

mountain rock

Some other chemical elements combined together and created rocks that are now making the the seafloor, and are in the building structure of fold mountains, and then these rocks have fallen on Earth and the other inner planets. These are basalt/mafic rocks (rocks rich in iron and magnesium). They are the same as the basalt rocks that are found in the asteroid belt, which indicates that the origin of these rocks is not Earth, but the sky.

Few Rocks!
mountain

"there are few 250 million-year-old rocks left on Earth. Most have been recycled by our planet's tectonic activity" - (science.nasa.gov)

The absence of rocks is attributed to a process that has not been proven to exist before the the breakup of the Earth's landmass 200 mya.

The rocks that have gone inside the earth's internal layers were melted there, and then reproduced to form lowlands, the seafloor. The earth had no seafloor 200 mya.

earth expanded

As a result of the added material, Earth has expanded. The Earth expanded once only, and not continuously expanding as suggested by The Expanding Earth Theory.

Ocean tides cause tectonic activity and continental drift

ocean tides

The ocean tides, the rise and fall of sea level, move a large volume of water from one place to another. This process is like applying an alternating force on an object continuously, making the object in an unstable state. The object here is the ocean crust, and the alternating force is the ocean water.

Lava flow - magma equivalent
lava flow

When a large volume of water moves, the hot magma inside the earth's interior also moves. The movement of water and magma causes the seafloor to be recycled in one place, in an ocean trench, and reproduced in another place, from an ocean ridge. This leads the ocean floor to shrink in one place, and expand in another. So if there is no rise and fall of sea level (no movement of water), there will not be any magma movement, and therefore there will not be any tectonic activity and continental drift at all.

It has been noticed that ocean tides trigger earthquakes at ocean ridges, when the tide at the ridges is low. There must be a high tide at trenches somewhere else, and that forced magma to come out, causing earthquake, and also the seafloor to spread slightly, at the ridges, where the ocean tide is low. The ocean tides however are not the reason for major earthquakes.

Why is the continental crust not destroyed and recycled like the oceanic crust, expanding in one place and shrinking in another, with trenches like in the ocean? Not because it is thicker, but simply because it is in a stable state. No alternating forces are applied on it.

Sometimes heavy traffic cause ground shaking, because it is a force leads the land crust to an unstable state. If the traffic is in the magnitude of ocean tides, the landmass will definitely shrink in one place and expand in another, just like the seafloor.

Continental drift started 200 mya only, because there were no oceans before that time.
Mars Expanded
mars lowlands

Not just the Earth, the other inner planets have also expanded. The lowlands (blue) on the other planets, which are equivalent to the ocean floor on Earth, are added parts. All lowlands, in all planets, are younger in age than the highlands.

Mars Lowlands Younger than the Highlands — According to the crater counting technique, the surface of a planet with less craters must be younger than the surface on the same planet with more craters. Mars lowland is much smoother than the highland, with very few craters, which shows that Mars has expanded; not "resurfaced" as some like to assume.

Rocky outcrops The surface of Mars now is full of rocks. The surface of Earth 200 mya was just like Mars. These rocks have fallen from the sky on Earth, and then buried. Some were exposed by wind or water. The exposed rocks are called rocky outcrops.

Because the earth's gravity was very low 200 mya, the rocks were falling on each other but not breaking.

The rocky outcrops in the picture above were originally basalt, like the rocks that make up rocky mountains and the seafloor, but due to weathering and the soil they were buried in, they lost their properties. The way they were deposited is very much similar to those of Mars, which indicates that the two planets received the rocks they have in the same manner.

 

Most of the frozen waters deposited on Mars, in the form of ice asteroids, have melted, and then evaporated to space, because of the thin atmosphere of the planet, but Earth preserved the received water. The water covered the whole planet Earth. Traces of this water can be found now all over the Earth's landmass, but scientists assume that the traces are of ancient oceans.

There is no difference between the assumed ancient oceans on Earth and those that have supposedly existed on Mars in ancient times. The traces of water in these two planets are not of real oceans, but of a large volume of water has fallen as ice asteroids from the sky, melted, stayed temporary in some areas, and then shifted place gradually over millions of years, but on Mars, it has evaporated to space, because of the thin atmosphere of the planet, it is less than 1% of the Earth's atmosphere.

Banded Iron Formations (BIFs) are layers of iron in sedimentary rock (sandstone), supposedly formed in ancient seas, but they are not forming today in the existing seas! They can be found now in many sandstone mountains around the world.

Theories suggest that BIFs formed at a water depth of 200 meters. If the water covered the earth's landmass to a depth of 200 meters, where was the seafloor? It is a lowland, the water is supposed to sit there.

As mentioned earlier, there was no seafloor at that time, it has just started to form. It took the earth millions of years to settle at the shape and size that it has now.

The billions of years that is being thrown as a radiometric dating of BIFs cannot be correct. BIFs are subjected to contamination from Earth's elements.

 

The Permian - Triassic Extinction Event
Extinction Event

"It was almost the perfect crime. Some perpetrator -- or perpetrators -- committed murder on a scale unequaled in the history of the world. They left few clues to their identity, and they buried all the evidence under layers and layers of earth. The case has gone unsolved for years -- 250 million years, that is." (science.nasa.gov)

This mass extinction was caused by the dying second sun, it took the Earth 30 million years to recover. The long lasting period of the extinction shows that the cause was present all of this time.

 

Volcanism all over the Earth
Volcanism

QUOTE: "The Earth was engulfed in widespread volcanism at the time of the extinction"
(science.nasa.gov)

Volcanism wasn't the only event to happen during the extinction 200 mya, but other major events have also taken place in the same time: mountains were rising, the ocean floor was forming, the continents started to drift, and the earth was taking a completely different shape, so how to explain all of this happening simultaneously? There must be one factor only that caused this combination to happen together.

 

Gamma rays from distant dying stars cause earthquakes
cosmic rays cause earthquakes

Earthquakes currently attributed to earth plates moving and clashing with each other.

The movement of earth plates is a result, not a cause.

Volcanism Ethiopia

The dying second sun emitted strong gamma rays let the whole earth in a burning state for a long period of time, because it was a very nearby star.

Gamma rays fired by distant dying stars cause a much less damage: earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. These cosmic rays penetrate to the earth's mantle in areas where the basalt layer is very thin. They interact with, and ionize, gases and liquids in the mantle causing these substances to expand. The expansion moves tectonic plates abnormally leading to an earthquake. If the earthquake occurs in the sea, it will cause a tsunami.

When this topic was posted on facebook in 2015, many people didn't agree. New studies dated 2023/24 showed a strong correlation between cosmic rays and earthquakes.

 

solar system second sun

 

What Causes Lightning Strikes? (Published: June 20, 2018)
The dominant theory suggests static electricity in clouds. Experiments have shown that this theory is incorrect — Charged particles originate from volcanoes on Jupiter's moon Io...
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Keywords: asteroid belt, solar system second sun, asteroid belt sun, plate tectonics, inner planets, earth solar system, expanding earth, earth geology, the Permian Triassic extinction event, rust on Mars, atmosphere of Mars, gas planets, Europa, Io, Callisto, Titan, Ganymede, moons of Jupiter, moons of Saturn, binary star system.